{"id":2018,"date":"2025-01-09T01:51:37","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T01:51:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/?p=2018"},"modified":"2025-01-09T02:03:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T02:03:06","slug":"high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/","title":{"rendered":"\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-815601564\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1536064591\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"0\" data-line=\"true\">\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03a0\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">\u0395\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Introduction\" >\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#II_Understanding_the_Markings_on_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\" >II. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Capacitance_value\" >\u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Voltage_rating\" >\u039f\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Polarity\" >\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Temperature_rating\" >\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#III_Identifying_Common_High-Frequency_Modifiers_for_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\" >III. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Ripple_current_rating\" >\u039f\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#ESR_Equivalent_Series_Resistance\" >ESR (\u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#ESL_Equivalent_Series_Inductance\" >ESL (\u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Lifetime_expectancy\" >\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#IV_Reading_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors_in_Circuit\" >IV. \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#How_to_check_for_capacitance_value\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#How_to_determine_the_polarity\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#How_to_test_for_voltage_rating\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#V_Tips_for_Properly_Using_and_Maintaining_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\" >V. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Avoiding_overvoltage\" >\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Proper_storage_and_handling\" >\u03a3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Replacing_old_or_faulty_capacitors\" >\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#VI_Common_Questions_about_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\" >VI. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#How_do_I_know_if_my_capacitor_is_faulty\" >\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Can_I_use_a_capacitor_with_a_higher_voltage_rating\" >\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#What_is_the_expected_lifetime_of_aluminum_electrolytic_capacitors\" >\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/high-frequency-aluminum-electrolytic-capacitors\/#Conclusion\" >\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span>\u0395\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"1\" data-line=\"true\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03cd\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u0397 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1711201585\">\n\n\t<div id=\"col-2133716361\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_1720744356\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" src=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors.jpg\" class=\"attachment-original size-original\" alt=\"\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors.jpg 800w, https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors-300x286.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors-768x732.jpg 768w, https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors-13x12.jpg 13w, https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Aluminum-Electrolytic-Capacitors-600x572.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<style>\n#image_1720744356 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"II_Understanding_the_Markings_on_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 23.04px;\">II. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <a href=\"https:\/\/rf-capacitor.com\/el\/metallized-polypropylene-film-capacitor\/\">\u0397\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<\/a><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"3\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Capacitance_value\"><\/span>\u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"4\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 microfarads (\u03bcF) \u03ae nanofarads (nF). \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \"100\u03bcF\" \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 100 microfarads \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"5\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Voltage_rating\"><\/span>\u039f\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"6\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf. \u0394\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03c4 (V) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae 25V \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 25V.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"7\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polarity\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"8\" data-line=\"true\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7. \u0397 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2. \u039f \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf \"+\" \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae. \u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ce\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"9\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_rating\"><\/span>\u0392\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"10\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u039f\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7. \u039f\u03b9 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u039a\u03b5\u03bb\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"11\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"III_Identifying_Common_High-Frequency_Modifiers_for_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\"><\/span>III. \u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"12\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ripple_current_rating\"><\/span>\u039f\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"13\" data-line=\"true\">\u03a3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c7\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1, \u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af, \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"14\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ESR_Equivalent_Series_Resistance\"><\/span>ESR (\u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"15\" data-line=\"true\">\u03a4\u03bf ESR \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc ESR \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03cd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 ESR \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03ce\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ESR \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ae\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"16\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ESL_Equivalent_Series_Inductance\"><\/span>ESL (\u0399\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"17\" data-line=\"true\">\u03a4\u03bf ESL \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03b7 ESL \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 ESL \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c5\u03b3\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"18\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lifetime_expectancy\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"19\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"20\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IV_Reading_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors_in_Circuit\"><\/span>IV. \u0391\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"21\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_check_for_capacitance_value\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"22\" data-line=\"true\">\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03cc\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03af\u03b1. \u03a3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae. \u0397 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2. \u039b\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b3\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ae\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"23\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_determine_the_polarity\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"24\" data-line=\"true\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9. \u0395\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b6\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \"+\" \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5. \u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03ae \u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b8\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7). \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"25\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_test_for_voltage_rating\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03be\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"26\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7. \u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf, \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4' \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"27\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"V_Tips_for_Properly_Using_and_Maintaining_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\"><\/span>V. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"28\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Avoiding_overvoltage\"><\/span>\u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae \u03c5\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"29\" data-line=\"true\">\u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u039d\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03ce\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c7\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"30\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Proper_storage_and_handling\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"31\" data-line=\"true\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc, \u03be\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc \u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf \u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc \u03c6\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03c9\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be\u03af\u03b1.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"32\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Replacing_old_or_faulty_capacitors\"><\/span>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ae \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"33\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7. \u03a4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2. \u0395\u03ac\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c8\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bb\u03ac\u03b2\u03b7, \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03c9\u03c2. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"34\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"VI_Common_Questions_about_Aluminum_Electrolytic_Capacitors\"><\/span>VI. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"35\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_do_I_know_if_my_capacitor_is_faulty\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03be\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9 \u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"36\" data-line=\"true\">\u038c\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ae \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b8\u03cc\u03c1\u03c5\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b5\u03c2.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"37\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Can_I_use_a_capacitor_with_a_higher_voltage_rating\"><\/span>\u039c\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"38\" data-line=\"true\">\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03b8\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c6\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc\u03c8\u03b7 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf ESR \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf ESL, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"39\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_expected_lifetime_of_aluminum_electrolytic_capacitors\"><\/span>\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"40\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2. \u03a5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ce\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf, \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03ac \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"41\" data-line=\"true\">\n<h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"42\" data-line=\"true\">\u0397 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u0398\u03c5\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03ad\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2. \u039f\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b8\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b4\u03ae\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03b6\u03c9\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bb\u03cc \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf DIY \u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac.<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>II. \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u0397 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2. \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4 (\u03bcF) \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4 (nF). \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c5\u03ba\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 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